Quotes on Free & Open Source Software

1. Digital Sovereignty as a Core Principle:

• “La souveraineté numérique est définie ici comme ‘les capacités et les possibilités des individus et des institutions d’exercer leur(s) rôle(s) dans le monde numérique de manière indépendante, autodéterminée et sûre.’“ (Authors of the document defining the term, 2021) - This is a foundational definition.
• “La souveraineté numérique a évolué au-delà de simples enjeux technologiques pour inclure des dimensions politiques, économiques et sécuritaires.” (Julien Nocetti, 2023) - This highlights the multi-faceted nature of sovereignty.
• “Europe will have to build on its strengths – an open and competitive single market, strong rules embedding European values, being an assertive player in fair and rule-based international trade, its solid industrial base, highly-skilled citizens and a robust civil society.” (European Commission, 2021) - This outlines Europe’s strengths in achieving digital sovereignty.
• “That is the way for Europe to be digitally sovereign in an interconnected world by building and deploying technological capabilities in a way that empowers people and businesses to seize the potential of the digital transformation, and helps build a healthier and greener society.” (European Commission, 2021) - This defines European digital sovereignty and links it to empowerment and societal good.
• “Le logiciel libre permet à l’Europe de se détacher des dépendances vis-à-vis des géants technologiques américains et chinois, en réduisant la dépendance aux infrastructures propriétaires et en augmentant le contrôle sur les technologies critiques.” (Analysis of Julien Nocetti’s article in Enjeux Numériques, 2023) - This emphasizes the role of open source in reducing reliance on big tech.
• “Le logiciel libre représente une alternative à cette domination en permettant de développer des solutions locales qui respectent les principes de transparence et de souveraineté.” (Analysis of Annie Blandin’s article in Enjeux Numériques, 2023) - This positions open source as a direct counter to the dominance of large, often foreign, tech companies.
• “La souveraineté numérique peut être entendue comme la capacité […] d’agir de manière souveraine dans l’espace numérique, en y conservant une capacité autonome d’appréciation, de décision et d’action […] La souveraineté numérique ne représente donc pas la volonté de tout faire en national ce qui serait synonyme de replis sur soi mais bien de conserver une autonomie et une liberté de choix.” (Secrétariat de la défense et de la sécurité nationale, 2018) - This provides a nuanced definition of digital sovereignty, emphasizing autonomy and freedom of choice.
• “Une politique de souveraineté numérique ne peut être envisagée qu’en conjuguant trois dimensions essentielles : une approche juridique… une approche économique… et, enfin, une approche libérale ou citoyenne…” (Rapport Latombe, 2021) - This stresses the multifaceted nature of digital sovereignty, requiring legal, economic, and societal considerations.
• “La souveraineté numérique est primordiale pour assurer l’indépendance technologique des nations, notamment en ce qui concerne les infrastructures critiques comme le cloud.” (Galas & Fouilland, 2022) - This emphasizes the importance of digital sovereignty for national independence, particularly regarding critical infrastructure.
• “La souveraineté numérique repose sur deux piliers : la souveraineté de fait (domination des grandes plateformes) et la souveraineté par le droit (régulation).” (Annie Blandin, 2023) - This frames digital sovereignty as a combination of practical control and legal frameworks.
• “La souveraineté n’est pas une fin en soi mais une force (économique, de décision…) pour affirmer des valeurs démocratiques, sociales et environnementales.” (Authors of the Study / Report (CNLL), 2020-2021) - This quote connects digital sovereignty to broader values, emphasizing that it’s a means to an end, not an end in itself.
• “Open source offers a greenfield advantage for policymakers and Europe has the chance to lead.” (Sachiko Muto, CEO of OpenForum Europe, 2021) - This highlights the unique opportunity for Europe to take a leadership position in open source.
• “The EU should have the capacity to develop and deploy strategic cutting-edge digital technologies at sufficient scale, to empower and offer a wider choice to our society.” (Authors of the document (European Commission), 2021) - This sets a clear ambition for the EU’s digital capabilities.
• “For the EU to lead the Digital Decade and strengthen its digital sovereignty, it needs to build its ambitions at home with an outward looking vision that will help the Union map a clear path to project and drive the EU’s strategic interests and values at a global level.” (Authors of the document (European Commission), 2021) - This highlights the need for a proactive approach in building digital sovereignty.

2. The Role of Open Source:

• “Open source software (OSS) has long been an integral part of the information and communication technology sector (ICT), while also advancing into one of the most decisive drivers of digital transformation.” (Authors of the “Open-Source-Monitor Survey report 2021”, Bitkom) - This highlights the growing importance of open source in driving digital transformation.
• “Open source is no longer a counterculture, but an influential movement based on a broad global footing.” (Authors of the “Open-Source-Monitor Survey report 2021”, Bitkom) - This emphasizes the mainstream acceptance and global reach of the open source movement.
• “Open source software is popular: no licensing fees, open code, say the respondents. But open-source software offers more. Above all, it creates openness in addition to its large potential for innovation.” (Dr. Gerald Pfeifer, Chief Technology Officer, SUSE, and Chair of the Board, openSUSE, 2021) - This highlights the benefits of open source beyond cost savings, emphasizing openness and innovation.
• “Open source software can also further help Germany be an attractive location to do business in supporting the structural change from the traditional industry to a digital economy. Finally, open source software can also contribute to sustainability.” (Prof Knut Blind, Technical University Berlin, 2021) - This connects open source to broader economic goals and sustainability.
• “Open Source est une méthode d’ingénierie logicielle qui consiste à développer un logiciel, ou des composants logiciels, de façon communautaire en laissant libre d’accès le code source… l’Open Source est propice à l’innovation technique mais moins à la simplification pour les utilisateurs lambdas.” (Katalyse/Erdyn, 2020) - This defines open source and highlights its strengths in fostering technical innovation.
• “L’Open Source permet d’optimiser les coûts et les processus métiers.” (Katalyse/Erdyn, 2020) - This succinctly states the practical benefits of open source for businesses.
• “L’Open Source est aujourd’hui encore trop souvent perçue comme un sujet uniquement « techno » même si elle s’ancre peu à peu dans les cultures d’entreprise en raison du renouvellement générationnel et des retours d’expérience des précurseurs.” (Katalyse/Erdyn, 2020) - This acknowledges a common perception of open source while noting a gradual shift in corporate culture.
• “Néanmoins, les entreprises pensent massivement que l’Open Source devrait, dans les années qui viennent, jouer un rôle essentiel dans la transformation, l’accélération, de l’innovation digitale.” (Katalyse/Erdyn, 2020) - This highlights the growing strategic importance of open source for digital transformation.
• “L’utilisation de l’Open Source s’est normalisée dans les entreprises, ces dernières années.” (Katalyse/Erdyn, 2020) - This indicates the increasing mainstream adoption of open source by businesses.
• “L’indépendance face aux grandes entreprises du numérique (exemple : Microsoft) guide la stratégie Open Source.” (Katalyse/Erdyn, 2020) - This directly links open source adoption to the desire for independence from dominant tech players.
• “La solidarité au sein de la communauté OS/logiciels libres est remarquable.” (Katalyse/Erdyn, 2020) - This highlights the strong community aspect of the open source movement.
• “Les clients sont de plus en plus contributeurs aux communautés sur les briques logicielles stratégiques pour leur activité.” (Katalyse/Erdyn, 2020) - This shows the evolving role of customers, who are becoming active participants in open source communities.
• “Les logiciels libres permettent aux étudiants de poursuivre les travaux où et quand bon leur semble, sans devoir disposer de licences” (Katalyse/Erdyn, 2013) - This highlights the practical advantages of open source in educational settings, emphasizing accessibility.
• “La quasi-totalité des étudiants est confronté à l’Open Source, à minima dans un objectif pédagogique.” (Katalyse/Erdyn, 2013) - This demonstrates the widespread exposure to open source in education, even if not always deeply engaged with.
• “L’Open Source a fait son entrée dans les enseignements informatiques, depuis plusieurs années.” (Katalyse/Erdyn, 2013) - This shows the established presence of open source in IT education.
• “Le but est de former des étudiants flexibles pouvant travailler sur n’importe quel type de logiciels.” (Katalyse/Erdyn, 2013) - This highlights the goal of education to create adaptable IT professionals, comfortable with both open and proprietary systems.
• “Open source offers a greenfield advantage for policymakers and Europe has the chance to lead.” (Sachiko Muto, CEO of OpenForum Europe, 2021) - This highlights the opportunity for Europe to take a leadership role in the open source space.
• “The study estimates that open source software contributes between €65 to €95 billion to the European Union’s GDP…” (Authors of the European Commission study, 2021) - This quantifies the significant economic impact of open source in Europe.
• “Investments in OSS yield a cost-benefit ratio of 1:4 - 1:10.” (Authors of the European Commission study, 2021) - This highlights the strong return on investment from open source.
• “A comprehensive and coordinated approach to public policy is needed to further scale and incentivize Open Source productions for the benefit of the European economy.” (Authors of the European Commission study, 2021) - This is a clear call for a strategic and holistic policy approach to support open source.
• ”…the top motivations for being involved in open source were: finding technical solutions, avoiding vendor lock-in, advancing the state of the art of technology, developing high quality code, and seeking and creating knowledge.” (Authors of the European Commission study, 2021) - This highlights the diverse motivations behind open source participation, going beyond just economic factors.
• “Open source software (OSS) has long been an integral part of the information and communication technology sector (ICT), while also advancing into one of the most decisive drivers of digital transformation.” (Authors of the “Open-Source-Monitor Survey report 2021”, Bitkom) - This highlights the growing importance of open source as a driver of digital transformation.
• “In addition, open source can make an important contribution to bringing us closer to digital sovereignty.” (Authors of the “Open-Source-Monitor Survey report 2021”, Bitkom) - This directly links open source to the goal of achieving digital sovereignty.
• “Open-source software is popular: no licensing fees, open code, say the respondents. But open-source software offers more. Above all, it creates openness in addition to its large potential for innovation.” (Dr. Gerald Pfeifer, Chief Technology Officer, SUSE, and Chair of the Board, openSUSE, 2021) - This highlights the benefits of open source beyond cost savings, emphasizing openness and innovation.
• “A solid open source strategy should therefore be a part of every IT strategy.” (Dr. Gerald Pfeifer, Chief Technology Officer, SUSE, and Chair of the Board, openSUSE, 2021) - This is a strong recommendation for the strategic importance of open source.
• “On the one hand, some view OSS as playing an important role in establishing a country’s digital sovereignty. On the other hand, its true capacity for innovation is unlocked only when digital country borders do not conflict with a society’s other requirements.” (Thomas Langkabel, National Technology Officer at Microsoft Deutschland, 2021) - This highlights a key tension between open source and digital sovereignty, indicating a need for balance.
• “Companies that rely on open-source components are prone to heightened risks brought about by security vulnerabilities and compliance violations – this often happens without their knowledge.” (Bitsea, 2021) - This is a stark warning about the potential risks of unmanaged open source use.
• “The use of FOSS licenses, including their specific constructs, obligations, and implications, demands an adjustment of the software asset management processes within an organization. Managing FOSS with determination and confidence preserves a company’s ability to act and stay competitive.” ({metæffekt} GmbH, 2021) - This highlights the need for specific processes and expertise to manage open source effectively within organizations.
• “Open Source shares the same values: Individuals and interactions, Working software, Customer collaboration, Responding to change” (Alexis Monville, 2013) - This quote draws a parallel between Open Source and Agile values, highlighting shared principles.
• “Contribution is the only currency.” (Ildikó Vancsa, 2022) - This quote emphasizes the meritocratic nature of open source communities, where contributions are valued above all else.
• “What makes a great community is that contributors believe in its mission and share the same vision and goals.” (Ildikó Vancsa, 2022) - This quote highlights the importance of shared purpose and values in building a strong open source community.
• “The only way to achieve this is to ensure that design and development processes are open and transparent, where no one is in control and everyone is in control at the same time.” (Ildikó Vancsa, 2022) - This quote emphasizes the importance of open and transparent processes for achieving a truly collaborative environment.
• “There is no room for reserved seats in governance bodies and for favoring one person’s contributions over those of others due to money provided by a contributing organization.” (Ildikó Vancsa, 2022) - This quote underscores the principles of fairness and equal opportunity within open source governance.
• “While the Four Opens don’t guarantee the success and longevity of a community and the artifacts it is are working on, it provides a strong foundation to build a sustainable and balanced ecosystem around open source projects.” (Ildikó Vancsa, 2022) - This quote acknowledges the limitations of the Four Opens while emphasizing their value as a foundation for a healthy open source ecosystem.
• “We often put technology in the spotlight and forget to calculate the human factor and importance of creating environments where individuals from any background and all around the world can participate.” (Ildikó Vancsa, 2022) - This quote is a powerful reminder of the human element in technology and the importance of inclusivity.
• “Community open source software is the backbone of the Internet and other infrastructure” (Dirk Riehle, 2022) - This quote highlights the fundamental role of open source in the infrastructure we rely on.
• “Open Source Software (OSS) is widely used as it offers several advantages such as cost saving, security and ability to modify the source code, which encourages companies to adopt it.” (Youssef Ait Houaich and Mustapha Belaissaoui, 2015) - This quote summarizes the key advantages of OSS adoption.
• “The open source approach redefines success as balanced effectiveness beyond a narrow focus on technology development whereby people development and operational process integration are equally important outcomes.” (Mehera Hassan, Robert Mies, Roland Jochem, 2022) - This quote highlights the holistic nature of open source, emphasizing its impact on people and processes, not just technology.
• “What has been the legendary genius (lone) inventor in their own garage in the 1980s may well be replaced within upcoming generations as tinkering in your local makerspace and fruitful exchanges on radical innovations in online forums with experts around the world.” (Mehera Hassan, Robert Mies, Roland Jochem, 2022) - This quote paints a picture of the changing landscape of innovation, with open source and collaborative platforms playing a central role.
• “The engagement of companies in OSH projects is therefore part of a wider paradigm shift from traditional boundaries of linear value creation by companies towards organisations becoming part of ‘value co-creation’ systems for common innovation outcomes under freely shared information flows.” (Mehera Hassan, Robert Mies, Roland Jochem, 2022) - This quote highlights the shift from traditional value creation to a more collaborative, open model.
• “Eventually, the core strategy of open source is about building public infrastructure and toolsets for the commons.” (Mehera Hassan, Robert Mies, Roland Jochem, 2022) - This quote connects open source to the broader concept of building shared resources for the benefit of all.
• “The participative and creative nature of OSH communities creates and attracts various types of businesses and organisations championing positive societal and/or environmental impact.” (Mehera Hassan, Robert Mies, Roland Jochem, 2022) - This quote highlights the social and environmental benefits associated with open source communities.
• “With regard to the economic savings of OSH, Pearce (2020) provides strong evidence that compared to proprietary offerings, OSH scientific tools drive costs down by about an overall factor of 7.7.” (Mehera Hassan, Robert Mies, Roland Jochem, 2022) - This quote provides a concrete example of the economic advantages of open source hardware.

3. Policy and Strategy:

• “The question is no longer whether your enterprise should adopt open technologies. The question is when—and how.” (Jim Whitehurst, President and CEO, Red Hat, 2019) - This quote emphasizes the inevitability of open source adoption.
• “The use of open source software is also of central importance for strengthening digital sovereignty in public administration as well as in business and industry.” (Open Source Business Alliance - Bundesverband für digitale Souveränität e.V., 2024) - This quote directly links open source to digital sovereignty.
• “If open source is better utilised, it can contribute significantly to the recovery and preservation of our digital sovereignty.” (Achim Berg, Bitkom President, 2020) - This quote highlights the potential of open source to restore and maintain digital sovereignty.
• “The open source approach redefines success as balanced effectiveness beyond a narrow focus on technology development whereby people development and operational process integration are equally important outcomes.” (Mehera Hassan, Robert Mies, Roland Jochem, 2022) - This quote suggests that open source requires a holistic approach that considers people and processes, not just technology.
• “The strategic use of Open Source enables organisations to react flexibly to a dynamic market environment, strengthen their technological independence and gain long-term competitive advantages.” (Authors of the Open Source Monitor, 2023) - This quote emphasizes the strategic advantages of open source for organizations.
• “Government agencies aiming to regain their digital sovereignty have no choice but to use proper Open Source Software.” (Authors of the Open Source Monitor, 2023) - This quote is a strong statement about the necessity of open source for achieving digital sovereignty in the public sector.
• “The EU institutions are looking to European open source companies to support them in solving large strategic challenges.” (APELL, 2022) - This quote highlights the reliance of EU institutions on the European open source industry.
• “Open source software offer the flexibility, user-centricity, and reusability that makes it very promising for cross-border projects.” (APELL, 2022) - This quote emphasizes the benefits of open source for collaborative European projects.
• “For the European open source industry to deliver, however, capacity-building is needed.” (APELL, 2022) - This quote acknowledges the need to invest in and develop the European open source industry.
• “The open source model is the new trusted norm when thinking of innovation.” (Authors of the 2019 report by CNLL, Syntec Numérique, Systematic, teknowlogy Group) - This quote positions open source as the standard for innovation.
• “These innovative technologies, alongside with Edge computing/IoT, are « born open ».” (Authors of the 2019 report by CNLL, Syntec Numérique, Systematic, teknowlogy Group) - This quote highlights the inherent openness of emerging technologies.
• “Open Source is seen as a tool for the implementation of digital transformation and the acceleration of digital innovation.” (Authors of the 2019 report by CNLL, Syntec Numérique, Systematic, teknowlogy Group) - This quote connects open source to broader digital transformation efforts.
• “Europe has the opportunity to take the lead on this topic thanks to its skills and experience in adopting Open Source.” (Authors of the 2019 report by CNLL, Syntec Numérique, Systematic, teknowlogy Group) - This quote is a call to action for Europe to leverage its strengths in open source.
• “Security by design, compliance and available internal skills are the key factors for the success of Open Source projects.” (Authors of the 2019 report by CNLL, Syntec Numérique, Systematic, teknowlogy Group) - This quote identifies critical success factors for open source projects.
• “Digital trust will be the next pillar in the adoption of Open Source.” (Authors of the 2019 report by CNLL, Syntec Numérique, Systematic, teknowlogy Group) - This quote highlights the growing importance of trust in the open source ecosystem.
• “Open Source will play a key role for AI and Cloud/DevOps because these cutting-edge innovation topics require an open and transparent creative process (methodological framework, code).” (Authors of the 2019 report by CNLL, Syntec Numérique, Systematic, teknowlogy Group) - This quote positions open source as essential for advancements in AI and cloud technologies.
• “The open source approach redefines success as balanced effectiveness beyond a narrow focus on technology development whereby people development and operational process integration are equally important outcomes.” (Mehera Hassan, Robert Mies, Roland Jochem, 2022) - This quote emphasizes a holistic view of success in open source, going beyond technical aspects.
• “What has been the legendary genius (lone) inventor in their own garage in the 1980s may well be replaced within upcoming generations as tinkering in your local makerspace and fruitful exchanges on radical innovations in online forums with experts around the world.” (Mehera Hassan, Robert Mies, Roland Jochem, 2022) - This quote paints a picture of a changing landscape of innovation, with open source and collaboration at its core.
• “The engagement of companies in OSH projects is therefore part of a wider paradigm shift from traditional boundaries of linear value creation by companies towards organisations becoming part of ‘value co-creation’ systems for common innovation outcomes under freely shared information flows.” (Mehera Hassan, Robert Mies, Roland Jochem, 2022) - This quote describes a fundamental shift in how value is created, with open source fostering a more collaborative model.
• “Eventually, the core strategy of open source is about building public infrastructure and toolsets for the commons.” (Mehera Hassan, Robert Mies, Roland Jochem, 2022) - This quote connects open source to the idea of creating shared resources for the benefit of all.
• “The participative and creative nature of OSH communities creates and attracts various types of businesses and organisations championing positive societal and/or environmental impact.” (Mehera Hassan, Robert Mies, Roland Jochem, 2022) - This quote highlights the broader social and environmental benefits associated with open source communities.

4. Challenges and Criticisms:

• “If no country contributed to OSS development, GDP for the average country would be 2.2% lower in the long run.” (Knut Blind, Torben Schubert, 2023) - This quote highlights the economic risks of underinvesting in open source.
• “Smaller countries experience a decline in GDP resulting from their own contributions due to knowledge spillovers. The net effect is nonetheless positive.” (Knut Blind, Torben Schubert, 2023) - This quote acknowledges the complex dynamics of open source contributions and their impact on national economies.
• “Moreover, the losses associated with unintended spillovers are lower for countries with a higher R&D and patenting intensity.” (Knut Blind, Torben Schubert, 2023) - This quote suggests that a strong R&D environment can mitigate some of the negative effects of knowledge spillovers.
• “Because economic policy has a national focus, but knowledge spillovers occur globally, designing effective policies related to OSS is far from trivial.” (Knut Blind, Torben Schubert, 2023) - This quote highlights the difficulty of crafting effective open source policies in a globalized world.
• “The biggest limit to existing U.S. policies related to FOSS is that they are nearly all focused on the federal government’s use of, creation of, and purchasing of technology for its own systems. No policies are targeted at measuring, investing in, or securing the FOSS ecosystem as a whole or in a direct manner.” (Frank Nagle, 2022) - This quote critiques the narrow focus of existing US policies, advocating for a broader approach to supporting the open source ecosystem.
• “Much as roads and bridges are only useful if there is somewhere worth traveling to, future discussions about digital infrastructure must go beyond only considering broadband availability and must include a focus on the FOSS that underlies the digital economy we rely upon every day.” (Frank Nagle, 2022) - This quote uses a powerful analogy to emphasize the importance of open source as a fundamental part of digital infrastructure.
• ”…in many settings, it may be optimal—for companies and consumers—to allow competitors to “collaborate on the core and compete on the edges,” but there is a lack of consensus on where the line between such collaboration and anticompetitive behavior lies.” (Frank Nagle, 2022) - This quote highlights the need for clearer guidelines on collaboration and competition in the open source context.
• “The intense debates that have marked its development have highlighted a conceptual gap between those responsible for the regulation within the Commission and the practical and economic realities of the professional Open Source sector.” (Inno³ and CNLL, 2024) - This quote points to a disconnect between policymakers and the open source industry regarding the CRA.
• “The new regulations require detailed technical documentation, rigorous vulnerability management, a declaration of conformity and CE marking, and the production of a Software Bill of Materials (SBOM). These obligations necessitate significant adaptations while preserving the fundamental principles and ethical values of Open Source.” (Inno³ and CNLL, 2024) - This quote highlights the specific challenges that the CRA poses for open source projects.
• “The CRA represents a significant shift for Open Source software companies in Europe. It marks the end of the principle of no liability outside of a commercial relationship, which has previously formed the basis of many Open Source software publishers’ business models.” (Stefane Fermigier, 2024) - This quote emphasizes the major change in liability for open source developers under the CRA.
• “This is an opportunity for proactive engagement with a regulator that has identified cybersecurity as a priority for the coming years and is planning a series of measures to support free and Open Source software, as well as micro, small and medium-sized enterprises.” (Inno³ and CNLL, 2024) - This quote frames the CRA as a chance for positive engagement and collaboration.
• “However, there is still a need to clarify the relationship between these Regulations and the specific practices of the Open Source industry. While some situations can be fully assimilated to the practices of commercial solution manufacturers, the Open Source model opens up a wide range of implications…” (Inno³ and CNLL, 2024) - This quote underscores the need to address the unique aspects of open source development in the context of the CRA.
• “The principle developed by the CRA is that only products distributed within a commercial framework are subject to the cybersecurity requirements of the Regulation.” (Inno³ and CNLL, 2024) - This quote clarifies a key aspect of the CRA’s scope, focusing on commercial distribution.
• “The risk is that the CRA could create a chilling effect on Open Source development in Europe.” (Inno³ and CNLL, 2024) - This quote expresses a major concern about the potential negative impact of the CRA.
• “It is essential to strike a balance between security requirements and the need to foster innovation and collaboration in the Open Source ecosystem.” (Inno³ and CNLL, 2024) - This quote highlights the delicate balance that needs to be found between regulation and fostering a healthy open source environment.
• “The Open Source model is based on a community of developers who contribute to projects on a voluntary basis. This model is not always compatible with the requirements of the CRA.” (Inno³ and CNLL, 2024) - This quote points out a potential conflict between the traditional open source development model and the CRA’s requirements.
• “The CRA could have a negative impact on the diversity of the Open Source ecosystem by favoring larger companies that have the resources to comply with the new requirements.” (Inno³ and CNLL, 2024) - This quote raises concerns about the potential for the CRA to harm smaller players in the open source space.
• “It is important to ensure that the CRA does not create barriers to entry for new Open Source projects.” (Inno³ and CNLL, 2024) - This quote highlights the need to maintain a low barrier to entry for new open source projects, despite the new regulations.
• “The CRA could be an opportunity to strengthen the security of Open Source software, but it is important to ensure that the new requirements do not stifle innovation.” (Inno³ and CNLL, 2024) - This quote presents a balanced view, acknowledging both the potential benefits and risks of the CRA for open source security and innovation.
• “The Open Source community must be involved in the implementation of the CRA to ensure that the new requirements are adapted to the specificities of the Open Source model.” (Inno³ and CNLL, 2024) - This quote is a call for active participation by the open source community in shaping the implementation of the CRA.
• “The CRA is a major challenge for the Open Source industry, but it is also an opportunity to strengthen the security and resilience of digital systems in Europe.” (Inno³ and CNLL, 2024) - This quote summarizes the complex impact of the CRA, presenting it as both a challenge and an opportunity for the open source industry.
• “The Open Source community must mobilize to ensure that the CRA is implemented in a way that preserves the values and principles of Open Source.” (Inno³ and CNLL, 2024) - This quote is a direct call to action for the open source community to actively engage with the CRA’s implementation.
• “The business model of open source publishers can be difficult to understand for some organizations and decision-makers, who may fear profitability or intellectual property protection issues. It is sometimes even deliberately ignored, probably for ideological reasons, by some decision-makers, who prefer to imagine and give the impression that open source software ‘grows on trees’.” (Stefane Fermigier, CNLL) - This quote highlights the misunderstanding and even deliberate ignorance of open source business models, which can hinder its adoption.
• “To encourage the adoption of open source, it is crucial to demonstrate the economic, technical and strategic advantages of free software and to put in place incentive policies, such as tax benefits or subsidies, for companies that adopt and support open source projects.” (Stefane Fermigier, CNLL) - This quote advocates for concrete measures to support open source adoption, highlighting its multifaceted benefits.
• “Some legislation or draft legislation, such as software patents or the Cyber Resilience Act… do not take into account the specificities and impact of free software.” (Stefane Fermigier, CNLL) - This quote points out the potential negative impact of certain policies on open source, highlighting the need for careful consideration of open source specificities in policymaking.
• “Axis 1: implement a deliberate industrial strategy around open source software, with adequate dedicated resources, to stimulate economic growth, innovation and digital sovereignty.” (Stefane Fermigier, CNLL) - This quote is a clear policy recommendation, advocating for a strategic approach to open source as a driver of economic and technological goals.
• “It is therefore necessary to strengthen this regulation by requiring the use of free software by default, unless a specific justification is provided for using proprietary software.” (Stefane Fermigier, CNLL) - This quote calls for a stronger regulatory stance, making open source the default choice in public procurement.
• “Free software is not always able to compete on an equal footing with proprietary software.” (Stefane Fermigier, CNLL) - This quote acknowledges the challenges faced by open source in a market dominated by proprietary solutions.
• “The dominant players in tech often deploy massive resources to exert influence on political decision-makers and regulators.” (Stefane Fermigier, CNLL) - This quote highlights the power imbalance between large tech companies and open source advocates in influencing policy.
• “European institutions must therefore resolutely position themselves to support a sector which, faced with successive upheavals in digital markets and services, must be considered as an alternative to traditional systems which do not allow the resilience and adaptability necessary for public institutions.” (Stefane Fermigier, CNLL) - This quote is a strong call for European institutions to actively support the open source sector as a strategic alternative.
• “To receive funding, the open source industry requires appropriate structures to organize its collaboration and growth opportunities.” (Stefane Fermigier, CNLL) - This quote emphasizes the need for organizational structures and support mechanisms to enable the open source industry to thrive.
• “Free software has many advantages for inclusion in a responsible digital ethic, on environmental, social and democratic, and economic levels.” (Stefane Fermigier, CNLL) - This quote highlights the ethical and societal benefits of open source, aligning it with broader values.
• “The open source sector creates jobs and wealth. In France, it represents more than 50,000 jobs and 4 billion euros in turnover.” (Amel Charleux and Anne Mione, 2018) - This quote provides concrete figures to demonstrate the economic importance of the open source sector.
• “The open source model is indeed based on an original mode of creation and appropriation of the value created for several reasons.” (Amel Charleux and Anne Mione, 2018) - This quote highlights the unique value creation model of open source.
• “Innovation happens elsewhere” (Richard Gabriel, 2005) - This quote, originally referring to software in general, highlights how innovation can arise from unexpected sources, which is particularly relevant to the decentralized nature of open source.
• “The open source model requires a particular conception of value creation through multiplicity and sharing.” (Amel Charleux and Anne Mione, 2018) - This quote emphasizes the collaborative and shared nature of value creation in open source.
• “Finally, the open source sector invites us to rethink the way creation and appropriation are dependent and linked.” (Amel Charleux and Anne Mione, 2018) - This quote challenges traditional notions of ownership and value in the context of open source.
• “The openness of the code accompanied by the renunciation of individually appropriating the collectively created value? How do project leaders arbitrate the choice of openness in relation to the returns they anticipate from their own involvement in the project?” (Amel Charleux and Anne Mione, 2018) - This quote raises fundamental questions about the motivations and incentives in open source development.
• “The community or private nature of the project leader has an effect on the attractiveness of contributors and their willingness to participate in the development of the project.” (Amel Charleux and Anne Mione, 2018) - This quote highlights the importance of project governance and leadership in attracting contributors to open source projects.
• “The open source model is the new trusted norm when thinking of innovation.” (Authors of the “Open Source Monitor France 2023”) - This quote positions open source as the standard for innovation, reflecting a shift in perception.
• “These innovative technologies, alongside with Edge computing/IoT, are « born open ».” (Authors of the “Open Source Monitor France 2023”) - This quote emphasizes the inherent openness of many emerging technologies.
• “Open Source is seen as a tool for the implementation of digital transformation and the acceleration of digital innovation.” (Authors of the “Open Source Monitor France 2023”) - This quote connects open source to broader digital transformation efforts.
• “Europe has the opportunity to take the lead on this topic thanks to its skills and experience in adopting Open Source.” (Authors of the “Open Source Monitor France 2023”) - This quote highlights Europe’s potential for leadership in the open source space.
• “Security by design, compliance and available internal skills are the key factors for the success of Open Source projects.” (Authors of the “Open Source Monitor France 2023”) - This quote identifies crucial elements for successful open source projects.
• “Digital trust will be the next pillar in the adoption of Open Source.” (Authors of the “Open Source Monitor France 2023”) - This quote emphasizes the growing importance of trust in the context of open source adoption.
• “Open Source will play a key role for AI and Cloud/DevOps because these cutting-edge innovation topics require an open and transparent creative process (methodological framework, code).” (Authors of the “Open Source Monitor France 2023”) - This quote positions open source as essential for advancements in AI and cloud technologies.
• “The open source approach redefines success as balanced effectiveness beyond a narrow focus on technology development whereby people development and operational process integration are equally important outcomes.” (Mehera Hassan, Robert Mies, Roland Jochem, 2022) - This quote emphasizes a holistic view of success in open source, going beyond technical aspects.
• “What has been the legendary genius (lone) inventor in their own garage in the 1980s may well be replaced within upcoming generations as tinkering in your local makerspace and fruitful exchanges on radical innovations in online forums with experts around the world.” (Mehera Hassan, Robert Mies, Roland Jochem, 2022) - This quote paints a picture of a changing landscape of innovation, with open source and collaborative platforms playing a central role.
• “The engagement of companies in OSH projects is therefore part of a wider paradigm shift from traditional boundaries of linear value creation by companies towards organisations becoming part of ‘value co-creation’ systems for common innovation outcomes under freely shared information flows.” (Mehera Hassan, Robert Mies, Roland Jochem, 2022) - This quote describes a fundamental shift in how value is created, with open source fostering a more collaborative model.
• “Eventually, the core strategy of open source is about building public infrastructure and toolsets for the commons.” (Mehera Hassan, Robert Mies, Roland Jochem, 2022) - This quote connects open source to the idea of creating shared resources for the benefit of all.
• “The participative and creative nature of OSH communities creates and attracts various types of businesses and organisations championing positive societal and/or environmental impact.” (Mehera Hassan, Robert Mies, Roland Jochem, 2022) - This quote highlights the broader social and environmental benefits associated with open source communities.

5. The Role of Government and Public Policy:

• “Dans un monde numérique largement interconnecté, dans lequel l’innovation est partout et où on ne peut pas tout faire soi-même, une opportunité consiste donc effectivement, pour la France et pour l’Union européenne, à adopter une stratégie open source.” (Authors of the “État des lieux de la filière open source en France 2020/2021”) - This quote argues that in a complex digital world, open source is a strategic necessity for France and the EU.
• “La commande publique doit davantage aider à l’émergence et la pérennisation des acteurs (TPE / PME) de notre écosystème.” (Authors of the “État des lieux de la filière open source en France 2020/2021”) - This quote advocates for using public procurement to support smaller open source businesses.
• “Les acheteurs publics méconnaissent ou ignorent l’article 16 de la loi pour une République numérique…” (Authors of the “État des lieux de la filière open source en France 2020/2021”) - This quote highlights a gap between existing legislation and its implementation in public procurement.
• “Même les universités se fournissent auprès des GAFAM alors que le Code de l’Éducation demande que le logiciel libre soit prioritaire.” (Authors of the “État des lieux de la filière open source en France 2020/2021”) - This quote points out a specific instance where public institutions are not prioritizing open source as required by law.
• “Au-delà de quelques initiatives isolées, l’État ne donne pas le bon exemple et il ne joue pas son rôle de moteur de l’économie numérique pour la filière open source.” (Authors of the “État des lieux de la filière open source en France 2020/2021”) - This quote criticizes the lack of leadership from the state in promoting open source.
• “En investissant sur l’adoption des logiciels libres et des standards ouverts au sein de l’administration et sur le soutien à la filière, l’État participe à la mise en œuvre d’impératifs stratégiques tels que le renforcement de la compétitivité des entreprises en France, le retour au plein emploi, la souveraineté numérique de la France, et l’agilité dans le cadre de sa transformation numérique.” (Stefane Fermigier, 2019) - This quote links open source adoption to key strategic goals, including economic competitiveness, employment, and digital sovereignty.
• “Il convient à nos yeux de mieux accompagner la mise en application de l’article 164 de la Loi République Numérique, qui prévoit un « encouragement à l’utilisation des logiciels libres et des formats ouverts lors du développement, de l’achat ou de l’utilisation » de systèmes d’information au sein de l’administration.” (Stefane Fermigier, 2019) - This quote calls for better implementation of existing laws that encourage open source use in public administration.
• “Nous pensons que la commande publique doit davantage aider à l’émergence et la pérennisation des acteurs (TPE / PME) de notre écosystème. Par exemple, les marchés de support devraient être architecturés pour bénéficier aux créateurs (« éditeurs ») des logiciels utilisés, par une interaction directe entre les clients et les éditeurs, et pas seulement avec de gros intégrateurs.” (Stefane Fermigier, 2019) - This quote advocates for public procurement to directly support smaller open source businesses and foster direct relationships with software creators.
• “The EU’s digital strategy aims to make digital transformation work for people and businesses, while helping to achieve its target of a climate-neutral Europe by 2050.” (European Commission Press Release, 2021) - This quote connects digital policy with broader societal goals, including climate neutrality.
• “The Strategy contributes to the goals of the overarching Digital Strategy of the Commission and the Digital Europe programme.” (European Commission Press Release, 2021) - This quote highlights the alignment of the open source strategy with broader European digital initiatives.
• “Le recours au logiciel libre au sein des administrations publiques doit être fortement encouragé et devenir un principe ne souffrant que d’exceptions dûment justifiées.” (Rapport Latombe, 2021) - This quote advocates for making open source the default choice in public administrations.
• “Le choix du logiciel libre y est considéré comme un choix raisonné devant la contrainte budgétaire croissante et la valorisation des compétences et de l’expertise professionnelle des équipes informatiques qui ne doivent pas être de simples acheteurs de solutions.” (Rapport Latombe, 2021, referring to a 2012 government instruction) - This quote highlights the rationale for choosing open source, emphasizing both cost savings and the development of in-house expertise.
• “Imposer au sein de l’administration le recours systématique au logiciel libre, en faisant de l’utilisation de solutions propriétaires une exception.” (Rapport Latombe, 2021, as a recommendation) - This quote is a strong policy proposal to make open source the default in public administration.
• “La commande publique joue un rôle central dans le soutien de l’industrie numérique nationale.” (Jean-Noël de Galzain and Alain Garnier, 2023) - This quote emphasizes the importance of public procurement as a tool for supporting the national digital industry.
• “En l’absence de stratégie de l’État, la maturité générale des décideurs est assez faible sur les enjeux de souveraineté et sur les atouts de l’open source.” (Authors of the “État des lieux de la filière open source en France 2020/2021”) - This quote highlights the need for government leadership and a clear strategy to raise awareness about open source and digital sovereignty.
• “Les campagnes massives de communication, de lobbying et de commercialisation des Big Techs sont aujourd’hui très efficaces pour saper la souveraineté numérique.” (Authors of the “État des lieux de la filière open source en France 2020/2021”) - This quote points to the challenges posed by the influence of large tech companies.
• “Pour le SGDSN, une stratégie industrielle basée sur l’open source peut permettre à la France et à l’Union européenne de reconquérir de la souveraineté numérique.” (SGDSN, 2018, as quoted in the “État des lieux de la filière open source en France 2020/2021”) - This quote underscores the strategic importance of open source for achieving digital sovereignty.
• “Dans un monde numérique largement interconnecté, dans lequel l’innovation est partout et où on ne peut pas tout faire soi-même, une opportunité consiste donc effectivement, pour la France et pour l’Union européenne, à adopter une stratégie open source.” (Authors of the “État des lieux de la filière open source en France 2020/2021”) - This quote argues for an open source strategy as a necessity in a globally interconnected world.
• “Les élus ne sont pas assez sensibilisés sur les enjeux (souveraineté, sécurité…) et sur ce qu’apporte l’open source, et peu d’acteurs publics semblent avoir de politique sur le sujet.” (Authors of the “État des lieux de la filière open source en France 2020/2021”) - This quote highlights the need for greater awareness among elected officials about open source and digital sovereignty.
• “La structuration de l’écosystème des logiciels sous licence libre se fait malgré l’absence de traductions concrètes des déclarations d’intentions des gouvernements successifs.” (Authors of the “État des lieux de la filière open source en France 2020/2021”) - This quote criticizes the lack of concrete action from governments to support open source, despite their stated intentions.
• “Une vraie collaboration open source à l’échelle européenne permettrait de combiner les efforts pour renforcer l’écosystème libre et open source.” (Authors of the “État des lieux de la filière open source en France 2020/2021”) - This quote advocates for a collaborative European approach to strengthen the open source ecosystem.
• “La souveraineté n’est pas une fin en soi mais une force (économique, de décision…) pour affirmer des valeurs démocratiques, sociales et environnementales.” (Authors of the “État des lieux de la filière open source en France 2020/2021”) - This quote connects digital sovereignty to broader societal values, emphasizing that it’s a means to achieve those values.
• “43,2% des entreprises confirment que leurs clients reconnaissent l’open source comme un facteur de souveraineté; 29,8% ont ainsi signé de nouveaux contrats.” (Authors of the “État des lieux de la filière open source en France 2020/2021”) - This quote demonstrates that open source is increasingly recognized by businesses as a factor in sovereignty and that this recognition translates into tangible business outcomes.
• “L’open source garantit la souveraineté et l’indépendance technologique de la Ville de Paris et permet de réduire fortement les coûts.” (Pierre Musseau, conseiller au sein du cabinet d’Emmanuel Grégoire, 2021) - This quote highlights the concrete benefits of open source for a major city administration, emphasizing both sovereignty and cost savings.

6. Challenges and Criticisms:

• “Le modèle économique des éditeurs de logiciels libres peut être difficile à appréhender pour certaines organisations et décideurs, qui peuvent craindre des problèmes de rentabilité ou de protection de la propriété intellectuelle.” (Stéfane Fermigier, 2023) - This quote acknowledges the challenges in understanding and accepting open source business models.
• “Il est parfois même délibérément ignoré, sans doute pour des raisons idéologiques, par certains décideurs, qui préfère s’imaginer et donner à croire que le logiciel libre ‘pousse sur les arbres’.” (Stéfane Fermigier, 2023) - This quote criticizes the deliberate ignorance and ideological opposition to open source among some decision-makers.
• “Certaines législations ou projets de législations, tels que les brevets logiciels ou le Cyber Resilience Act… ne tiennent pas compte des spécificités et de l’impact des logiciels libres.” (Stéfane Fermigier, 2023) - This quote highlights the potential negative impact of certain policies on open source if they don’t consider its unique characteristics.
• “Le logiciel libre n’est pas toujours en mesure de jouer à jeu égal avec les logiciels propriétaires.” (Stéfane Fermigier, 2023) - This quote acknowledges the challenges faced by open source in competing with proprietary solutions.
• “Les acteurs dominants de la tech déploient souvent des moyens massifs pour exercer une influence sur les décideurs politiques et les régulateurs.” (Stéfane Fermigier, 2023) - This quote highlights the power imbalance between large tech companies and the open source community in influencing policy.
• “Le cloud peut, dans certains cas, constituer un risque pour le logiciel libre s’il enferme les utilisateurs et se sert de l’open source tout en dénaturant sa promesse.” (Authors of the “État des lieux de la filière open source en France 2020/2021”) - This quote warns about the potential for cloud computing to undermine the principles of open source if not implemented carefully.
• “Toute externalisation constitue une perte de souveraineté de l’entreprise sur ses assets techniques.” (Authors of the “État des lieux de la filière open source en France 2020/2021”) - This quote emphasizes the risk to sovereignty when outsourcing technological capabilities.
• “Au fil du temps, les lignes se sont brouillées: les grands acteurs, se sont mis à utiliser ou à produire de l’open source, parfois massivement, comme les GAFAM, pour imposer des standards.” (Jean-Michel Armand, président de Libertis, 2021) - This quote shows how even the large tech companies are adopting open source, which is making it difficult to see a clear line between open and closed.
• “Il y a de nouveaux dangers, des combats à mener : il faut rester mobilisés et il faut du sang neuf !” (Jean-Michel Armand, président de Libertis, 2021) - This quote underlines that the open source community needs to stay vigilant and adapt to the evolving landscape.
• “Pour que les choses se fassent, il n’y a pas de miracle : il faut mettre des moyens.” (Mathieu Hazouard, conseiller régional délégué à l’économie numérique, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, 2021) - This quote is a reality check, emphasizing that achieving digital sovereignty requires investment and effort.

7. Specific Initiatives and Policies:

• “Dans sa règle [R9], elle précise que pour un système numérique qui manipule des données sensibles, le recours à une offre de cloud commercial est possible uniquement si cette offre est qualifiée SecNumCloud et qu’elle est immunisée contre les règlementations extracommunautaires.” (Referring to “La circulaire du Premier ministre”, 2021) - This quote highlights a specific policy requiring high security and legal protection for sensitive data in the cloud.
• “A titre transitoire, pour les éventuels projets très avancés au 5 juillet 2021, une dérogation pourra être accordée sous la responsabilité de votre ministre. Cette dérogation se limiterait aux seuls services de messagerie et de drive personnel, « pour une durée limitée à 12 mois après la date à laquelle une offre de cloud acceptable sera disponible en France ».” (Nadi Bou Hanna, 2021) - This quote shows a temporary and limited exception to the cloud policy, with a clear deadline for compliance.
• ”…à privilégier un scénario dans lequel le consortium « Bleu » réalise son ambition de construction d’une offre labellisée SecNumCloud conforme à la doctrine Cloud au Centre, avec une suite Office 365 bénéficiant d’un transfert de compétences et des responsabilités technique et juridique à son profit…” (Nadi Bou Hanna, 2021) - This quote reveals the “Bleu” project, a specific initiative to create a SecNumCloud-compliant cloud offering based on Office 365, involving a transfer of technology and responsibility to a French consortium.
• ”…en l’absence d’urgence, à différer vos projets de remplacement de vos outils existants dans l’attente d’une amélioration de l’offre disponible sur le marché.” (Nadi Bou Hanna, 2021) - This quote advises delaying migration to new solutions until compliant options are available, showing a commitment to the policy’s goals.
• “La décision d’inclure Oracle, une entreprise américaine, semble contredire les ambitions de souveraineté technologique de la Commission.” (Authors of “2022 - Draft - Notes souveraineté.pdf”, 2022) - This quote criticizes a specific decision that appears to undermine the stated goal of digital sovereignty.
• “Un expert a révélé que le système français de certification du cloud, SecNumCloud, perdait du terrain au sein de l’UE.” (An unnamed expert, 2022) - This quote points to challenges in establishing a unified European approach to cloud security certification.
• “Philippe Latombe et Max Schrems ont exprimé des préoccupations concernant la dépendance à l’égard des fournisseurs de services cloud américains et les risques potentiels pour les entreprises européennes.” (Philippe Latombe and Max Schrems, 2022) - This quote highlights concerns about reliance on US cloud providers and the associated risks.
• “M. Latombe souligne que le cloud AWS est soumis à des lois américaines telles que le FISA (Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act) et le Cloud Act, qui peuvent exiger la coopération avec les agences de sécurité américaines.” (M. Latombe, 2022) - This quote specifically identifies US laws that pose a potential threat to data privacy and security.
• “Les tensions entre les deux pays [France and Germany] ont culminé lors des négociations sur le certificat européen de sécurité des services cloud (EUCS). La France a voulu imposer ses propres normes de sécurité, ce qui a rencontré une résistance de la part de pays plus libéraux comme les Pays-Bas.” (Authors of “2022 - Draft - Notes souveraineté.pdf”, 2022) - This quote illustrates the internal disagreements within Europe regarding cloud security standards.
• “L’écosystème open source s’appuie sur la transparence et la collaboration pour atteindre ses objectifs” (Authors of the “Open Source Monitor France 2023”) - This highlights the inherent link between the values of open source and its methods.
• “82% des organisations publiques et privées reconnaissent que l’open source contribue à la souveraineté numérique” (Authors of the “Open Source Monitor France 2023”) - This shows that a large majority of organizations see the connection between open source and digital sovereignty.
• “L’open source joue un rôle d’accélérateur ou de facilitateur pour la transition énergétique et écologique” (Authors of the “Open Source Monitor France 2023”) - This links open source to sustainability and environmental goals.
• “9 organisations publiques et privées sur 10 voient dans le logiciel libre est un atout majeur pour la souveraineté numérique de la France et de l’Europe” (Stéfane Fermigier, co-président du CNLL, 2023) - This quote highlights the strong support for open source as a key to digital sovereignty.
• “La commande publique pourrait être un levier puissant pour soutenir les entreprises européennes, en priorisant les solutions open source et locales.” (Axel Voss, 2024) - This quote emphasizes the potential of public procurement to boost European open source businesses.
• “le besoin de financer non seulement le développement initial mais aussi la maintenance à long terme des projets open source.” (Adriana Groh, 2024) - This quote highlights the importance of sustainable funding models for open source projects.
• “Europe, il est temps d’agir !” (Authors of “2024 draft - CR Conférence EuroStack”, 2024) - This quote is a clear and direct call to action for Europe to take decisive steps towards digital sovereignty.
• “Le logiciel libre, en particulier, pourrait bénéficier d’une politique de commande publique volontariste, favorisant des solutions ouvertes dans les administrations publiques et les entreprises.” (Analysis of Jean-Noël de Galzain and Alain Garnier’s article, 2023) - This quote advocates for a proactive public procurement policy to support open source.
• “En s’appuyant sur des solutions open source, l’Europe pourrait non seulement renforcer son autonomie technologique, mais aussi créer des infrastructures numériques européennes capables de rivaliser avec celles des États-Unis et de la Chine.” (Analysis of Henri d’Agraín’s article, 2023) - This quote highlights the potential for open source to enable Europe to compete with global tech powers.

8. Challenges and Criticisms:

• “La bascule d’un système d’information vers les logiciels libres est bien entendu un défi technologique puisqu’il faut changer les applicatifs existants. C’est aussi souvent une révolution dans les pratiques autant de la DSI que des utilisateurs.” (Authors of “2024 - Book Draft - LL pour les Collectivités.pdf”, 2024) - This quote acknowledges the significant technical and organizational challenges involved in transitioning to open source.
• “Le logiciel libre souffre encore auprès des étudiants d’une image d’environnement réservé aux « bidouilleurs ».” (Authors of “ETUDE SUR LES COMPETENCES ET FORMATIONS OPEN SOURCE EN FRANCE Synthèse”, 2013) - This quote highlights a persistent perception problem that open source faces, particularly among younger generations.
• “Les logiciels Open Source sont des produits d’appels, auxquels sont facturés à la demande, par la suite, des extensions, modules complémentaires… payants.” (Authors of “ETUDE SUR LES COMPETENCES ET FORMATIONS OPEN SOURCE EN FRANCE Synthèse”, 2013) - This quote describes a common business model for open source, where the core software is free but additional features or services are monetized.
• “La Mission Logiciels Libres n’existe plus” (Authors of “2024 - Avis sur La Suite - Dinum.pdf”, 2024) - This statement highlights a significant setback for the promotion of open source within the French government.
• “La DINUM est critiquée pour vouloir concurrencer directement les éditeurs français […] au lieu de jouer un rôle de facilitateur ou de soutien pour des projets open source déjà existants.” (Authors of “2024 - Avis sur La Suite - Dinum.pdf”, 2024) - This quote expresses a key criticism of DINUM’s approach, suggesting a misalignment with the needs of the open source ecosystem.
• “De nombreux acteurs privés […] le voient comme une véritable offre logicielle concurrente et estiment que cette ambition semble relever du fantasme” (Authors of “2024 - Avis sur La Suite - Dinum.pdf”, 2024) - This quote reveals skepticism from the private sector regarding DINUM’s “La Suite” project, portraying it as unrealistic.
• “En voulant tout faire en interne, la DINUM marginalise les éditeurs français (qu’ils soient open source ou non), et affaiblit la crédibilité de l’écosystème open source en France…” (Authors of “2024 - Avis sur La Suite - Dinum.pdf”, 2024) - This quote criticizes DINUM’s in-house development approach, arguing that it harms both French software publishers and the open source ecosystem.
• “Cette absence de communication a généré un sentiment de méfiance et de frustration au sein de l’écosystème…” (Authors of “2024 - Avis sur La Suite - Dinum.pdf”, 2024) - This quote highlights the negative consequences of DINUM’s lack of transparency and communication.
• “Le projet “La Suite” souffre, selon plusieurs observateurs, de multiples problèmes : une mauvaise allocation des ressources, une absence de stratégie claire, une concurrence avec l’écosystème privé français, et une vision réductrice du rôle de l’open source.” (Authors of “2024 - Avis sur La Suite - Dinum.pdf”, 2024) - This quote summarizes the key criticisms leveled against DINUM’s “La Suite” project.
• “Il sera essentiel pour la DINUM de démontrer qu’elle peut jouer un rôle clé en tant que facilitateur et orchestrateur d’initiatives collaboratives, plutôt que de chercher à opérer des solutions propriétaires en interne, souvent perçues comme coûteuses et inefficaces.” (Authors of “2024 - Avis sur La Suite - Dinum.pdf”, 2024) - This quote offers a clear recommendation for DINUM’s future role, emphasizing collaboration and support for existing solutions.
• “Le modèle économique des éditeurs de logiciels libres peut être difficile à appréhender pour certaines organisations et décideurs, qui peuvent craindre des problèmes de rentabilité ou de protection de la propriété intellectuelle.” (Stéfane Fermigier, 2023) - This quote acknowledges the challenges in understanding and accepting open source business models.
• “Il est parfois même délibérément ignoré, sans doute pour des raisons idéologiques, par certains décideurs, qui préfère s’imaginer et donner à croire que le logiciel libre ‘pousse sur les arbres’.” (Stéfane Fermigier, 2023) - This quote criticizes the deliberate ignorance and ideological opposition to open source among some decision-makers.
• “Certaines législations ou projets de législations, tels que les brevets logiciels ou le Cyber Resilience Act… ne tiennent pas compte des spécificités et de l’impact des logiciels libres.” (Stéfane Fermigier, 2023) - This quote highlights the potential negative impact of certain policies on open source if they don’t consider its unique characteristics.
• “Le logiciel libre n’est pas toujours en mesure de jouer à jeu égal avec les logiciels propriétaires.” (Stéfane Fermigier, 2023) - This quote acknowledges the challenges faced by open source in competing with proprietary solutions.
• “Les acteurs dominants de la tech déploient souvent des moyens massifs pour exercer une influence sur les décideurs politiques et les régulateurs.” (Stéfane Fermigier, 2023) - This quote highlights the power imbalance between large tech companies and the open source community in influencing policy.
• “Le cloud peut, dans certains cas, constituer un risque pour le logiciel libre s’il enferme les utilisateurs et se sert de l’open source tout en dénaturant sa promesse.” (Authors of the “État des lieux de la filière open source en France 2020/2021”) - This quote warns about the potential for cloud computing to undermine the principles of open source if not implemented carefully.
• “Toute externalisation constitue une perte de souveraineté de l’entreprise sur ses assets techniques.” (Authors of the “État des lieux de la filière open source en France 2020/2021”) - This quote emphasizes the risk to sovereignty when outsourcing technological capabilities.
• “Les élus ne sont pas assez sensibilisés sur les enjeux (souveraineté, sécurité…) et sur ce qu’apporte l’open source, et peu d’acteurs publics semblent avoir de politique sur le sujet.” (Authors of the “État des lieux de la filière open source en France 2020/2021”) - This quote highlights the need for greater awareness among elected officials about open source and digital sovereignty.
• “La structuration de l’écosystème des logiciels sous licence libre se fait malgré l’absence de traductions concrètes des déclarations d’intentions des gouvernements successifs.” (Authors of the “État des lieux de la filière open source en France 2020/2021”) - This quote criticizes the lack of concrete action from governments to support open source, despite their stated intentions.
• “Au début, les grandes entreprises qui faisaient du logiciel avaient un modèle propriétaire et le libre proposait une alternative claire. Au fil du temps, les lignes se sont brouillées: les grands acteurs, se sont mis à utiliser ou à produire de l’open source, parfois massivement, comme les GAFAM, pour imposer des standards.” (Jean-Michel Armand, président de Libertis, 2021) - This quote describes how the increasing use of open source by large tech companies is blurring the lines between proprietary and open source models.
• “Il y a de nouveaux dangers, des combats à mener : il faut rester mobilisés et il faut du sang neuf !” (Jean-Michel Armand, président de Libertis, 2021) - This quote is a call to action for the open source community to adapt to the changing landscape and remain vigilant.
• “Pour que les choses se fassent, il n’y a pas de miracle : il faut mettre des moyens.” (Mathieu Hazouard, conseiller régional délégué à l’économie numérique, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, 2021) - This quote emphasizes that achieving digital sovereignty requires concrete investment and effort.

More

I. On the Philosophy and Spirit of Open Source

• “Free software is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of ‘free’ as in ‘free speech,’ not as in ‘free beer.’” – Richard Stallman (various sources, a foundational principle of the Free Software Movement)
• “Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow.” – Eric S. Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar (1997) (Also known as Linus’s Law, attributed to Linus Torvalds)
• “Open source is the only rights-compatible way to deliver software.” – Daniel Terhorst-North, Open Source Bridge (2015)
• “The beauty of open source is that it is self-correcting. The market dynamic applies. If you create something that no one wants, it will simply disappear. Conversely, if you create something that many people find useful, it will thrive and flourish.” – Matt Asay (various sources)
• “Open source is about collaborating, not about being right.” – Jono Bacon, The Art of Community (2009)
• “Open source is a development methodology; free software is a social movement.” – Richard Stallman (various sources, highlighting the distinction between technical approach and ethical framework)
• “Sharing knowledge is not about giving people something, or getting something from them. That is only valid for information sharing. Sharing knowledge occurs when people are genuinely interested in helping one another develop new capacities for action; it is about creating learning processes.” – Peter Senge, The Fifth Discipline: The Art & Practice of The Learning Organization
• “Open source can propagate to fill all the software niches that the proprietary world neglects.” – Eric S. Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar (1997)
• “The future of open source is ubiquitous.” – Jim Zemlin, Executive Director, The Linux Foundation (various sources)
• “The power of open source is the power of the people. The people rule.” – Philippe Kahn (early software developer)

II. On Open Source Development and Collaboration

• “Talk is cheap. Show me the code.” – Linus Torvalds (date unknown)
• “Release early. Release often. And listen to your customers.” – Eric S. Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar (1997)
• “In open source, we feel strongly that to really do something well, you have to get a lot of people involved.” – Linus Torvalds (various interviews)
• “Good programmers know what to write. Great ones know what to rewrite (and reuse).” – Eric S. Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar (1997)
• “The next generation of interesting software will be done on the Web.” – Marc Andreessen (1994)
• “The joy of coding Python should be in seeing short, concise, readable classes that express a lot of action in a small amount of clear code – not in reams of trivial code that bores the reader to death.” – Guido van Rossum (Python’s Creator)
• “Any fool can write code that a computer can understand. Good programmers write code that humans can understand.” – Martin Fowler, Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code (1999)
• “The right way to collaborate is to treat open-source as a verb, not as a noun.” – Eileen Evans, VP and Deputy General Counsel, Cloud & AI Group, Microsoft
• “The most important aspect of open source is that it allows a distributed team to be as, or more, effective than a colocated team.” – Gil Yehuda, Sr. Director of Open Source, US Bank
• “If you want to go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together.” – African Proverb (Often used in open-source contexts)

III. On the Business and Economics of Open Source

• “The biggest threat to open source adoption is ignorance.” – Simon Phipps, Open Source Initiative (various sources)
• “Selling open source software is the new normal. Big vendors have finally recognized the value in open source projects and have started to acquire them. This results in a healthy environment for the whole ecosystem.” – Eugenio Pace, CEO, Auth0
• “Open source isn’t about saving money, it’s about doing more stuff, and getting incremental innovation with the finite budget you have.” – Tim O’Reilly, O’Reilly Media (various sources)
• “Open source is a business model, and people forget that. It’s not a charity. It’s about doing good business.” – Mitchell Baker, Mozilla Foundation (various sources)
• “Open source has won the enterprise software market. And it’s moving rapidly into new areas that include machine learning, artificial intelligence, edge computing, and IoT.” – Paul Cormier, President and CEO, Red Hat
• “Open source had the advantage that it solved a problem for a lot of people at the same time, while costing very little, and so a lot of people were willing to help.” – Paul Graham
• “Every company is becoming a software company, and open source is the way software is developed in the 21st century.” – Sam Ramji, Chief Strategy Officer, DataStax
• “Once open source gets good enough, competing with it would be insane.” – Larry Ellison, Oracle Founder (remarkably stated at a Linux conference)
• “The real threat is that companies stop engaging with open source. It’s important that companies continue to see value in contributing back.” – Dirk Hohndel, VP & Chief Open Source Officer, VMware
• “No matter how good the product, its value is zero if nobody uses it.” – Tim O’Reilly (various sources)

IV. On Digital Sovereignty and Open Source

• “Digital sovereignty is the ability to control your own digital destiny – to have access to technologies that you can use to build your own future.” – Marietje Schaake, former Member of the European Parliament
• “Without digital sovereignty, there can be no true sovereignty.” – Emmanuel Macron, President of France (various speeches, notably at the Sorbonne in 2017)
• “Open source is a key building block for digital sovereignty, as it allows states and organizations to understand, modify, and control the software they use.” – Various Authors, Position Paper on Digital Sovereignty by the German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI)
• “We need to break free from the chains of proprietary software and embrace open source as a path towards digital independence.” – Stefano Quintarelli, Italian digital rights activist and former member of the Italian Parliament
• “Digital sovereignty is not about isolationism, it is about empowerment. It is about ensuring that we have the capacity to make our own choices in the digital age.” – Margrethe Vestager, European Commissioner for Competition
• “Open source provides transparency and auditability, which are crucial for building trust in the digital infrastructure that underpins our societies.” – Jean-Noël Barrot, French Minister Delegate for Digital Transition and Telecommunications
• “The fight for digital sovereignty is a fight for democracy itself.” – Various Authors, Call for Digital Sovereignty, signed by numerous European digital rights organizations
• “Digital sovereignty requires not only control over data but also over the algorithms that process it. Open source plays a vital role in enabling algorithmic sovereignty.” – Katja Bego, Senior Researcher, AI & Society Lab, AlgorithmWatch
• “The future of the internet depends on our ability to create a more decentralized and democratic digital space, where open source and open standards are the norm, not the exception.” – Mitchell Baker, Mozilla Foundation (various sources)
• “Investing in open source is investing in your digital future. It’s about taking ownership and building resilience in the face of growing digital dependencies.” – Melissa Hathaway, former Cybersecurity Advisor to two US presidents
• “Europe must use open source to achieve digital sovereignty.” – Cedric O, French Minister of State for the Digital Sector

V. On the Future and Impact of Open Source

• “The future is open source everything.” – Linus Torvalds (various sources)
• “Open source is the key to unlocking the full potential of the digital age. It’s about collaboration, innovation, and creating a better world through shared knowledge.” – Various Authors, Declaration on the Future of the Internet
• “Open source is not just about technology, it’s about a way of thinking, a way of working, a way of being.” – Jono Bacon, The Art of Community (2009)
• “Open source will continue to be a dominant force in software development, driving innovation and collaboration across industries.” – Gartner Report on Open Source Trends
• “Open source is no longer a fringe movement, it is the mainstream. The question is not whether to use open source, but how to use it effectively.” – Forrester Report on Open Source Adoption
• “The future of software is open, collaborative, and built on a foundation of shared innovation.” – Various Authors, Open Source Initiative (OSI) mission statement
• “Open source represents a fundamental shift in the way we create and share knowledge. It has the power to transform not only the software industry but also education, science, government, and many other fields.” – Yochai Benkler, The Wealth of Networks (2006)
• “Open source is the engine of innovation in the 21st century.” – Various Authors, Linux Foundation mission statement
• “The future is open, and it’s being built by all of us, together.” – Open Source Community (a common sentiment among open source enthusiasts)
• “In real open source, you have the right to control your own destiny.” – Linus Torvalds

VI. Open Source and Security

• “Security through obscurity is a myth. Open source, with its transparent and auditable code, is inherently more secure.” – Bruce Schneier, Cryptographer and security expert (various writings)
• “Many eyes make all bugs shallow, and this is especially true for security vulnerabilities.” – Paraphrased from Eric S. Raymond, (a common sentiment in the security community)
• “The open source development model, with its emphasis on peer review and rapid iteration, is ideally suited to building secure software.” – Dan Geer, Computer security analyst (various sources)
• “Closed source software is the equivalent of building a house and refusing to let anyone see the blueprints. You wouldn’t trust the construction, so why trust the code?” – John Gilmore, Co-founder of the Electronic Frontier Foundation (various sources)
• “The only truly secure system is one that is powered off, cast in a block of concrete and sealed in a lead-lined room with armed guards.” – Gene Spafford, cybersecurity expert. (while not directly about open source, this quote highlights that perfect security is impossible, and transparency helps with risk assessment.)
• “Security is a process, not a product. Open source, with its collaborative and iterative nature, embodies this principle.” – Bruce Schneier (various writings)
• “Trust, but verify. Open source allows for both.” – Ronald Reagan‘s famous quote, but applicable to the transparency of open source in the context of security.
• “The more people who can see a piece of code, the more likely it is that someone will spot a flaw.” – Linus Torvalds (in the context of security)
• “We don’t have to ask for anyone’s permission to independently verify the security of open source software.” – Dan Lorenc, Co-founder, Chainguard
• “Open source software is essential to national security.” – Marten Mickos, HackerOne CEO

VII. Open Source and Education

• “Open source in education is not just about saving money on software licenses, it’s about fostering a culture of collaboration, innovation, and critical thinking among students.” – Various Authors, UNESCO report on Open Educational Resources
• “By using open source tools, students learn not just how to use software, but how software is made, empowering them to become creators, not just consumers.” – Karen Cator, former Director of the Office of Educational Technology, U.S. Department of Education
• “Open source software provides a unique opportunity for students to learn by doing, by contributing to real-world projects that are used by millions of people.” – Greg Kroah-Hartman, Linux kernel maintainer (various talks)
• “The best way to learn about programming is to read and write code, and open source provides an endless supply of both.” – Eric S. Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar (1997)
• “Open source is a living textbook, constantly being updated and improved by a global community of experts.” – Various Authors, Open Source Initiative (OSI) education resources
• “Using open source in the classroom is like giving students the keys to the kingdom. They can explore, experiment, and build anything they can imagine.” – Mitch Resnick, MIT Media Lab (various sources)
• “Open educational resources, built on open source principles, have the potential to democratize access to knowledge and learning for everyone, regardless of their background or location.” – Cable Green, Director of Open Education, Creative Commons
• “Learning to code with open source is not just about acquiring a technical skill, it’s about learning how to learn, how to solve problems, and how to collaborate with others.” – Various Authors, Code.org mission statement
• “The future of education is open, and open source is leading the way.” – Various Authors, Open Education Consortium mission statement
• “Open source provides a platform for lifelong learning, empowering individuals to continue to grow and develop their skills throughout their lives.” – Various Authors, Mozilla Foundation learning resources

VIII. Open Source, Ethics, and Social Responsibility

• “Software freedom is a moral issue.” – Richard Stallman, (various sources, a core tenet of the Free Software Foundation)
• “The open source movement is a powerful example of how collective action can create positive social change.” – Yochai Benkler, The Wealth of Networks (2006)
• “Open source is not just about technology, it’s about building a more just and equitable society.” – Various Authors, Free Software Foundation mission statement
• “By sharing our code, we are contributing to a global commons of knowledge that benefits all of humanity.” – Various Authors, Open Source Initiative (OSI) mission statement
• “Open source is a form of digital solidarity, a way of working together to create a better world.” – Various Authors, Declaration on Digital Rights and Principles for the European Union
• “The ethics of open source are rooted in the values of freedom, collaboration, and transparency.” – Christopher Kelty, Two Bits: The Cultural Significance of Free Software (2008)
• “Open source is a powerful tool for social justice, enabling marginalized communities to access and control the technology that shapes their lives.” – Various Authors, Digital Freedom Foundation mission statement
• “The open source movement is a testament to the power of human generosity and our innate desire to share and collaborate.” – Steven Weber, The Success of Open Source (2004)
• “By embracing open source, we are choosing to build a future based on cooperation, not competition.” – Various Authors, Open Source Ecology mission statement
• “Open source is a gift to the world, a gift that keeps on giving.” – Various Authors, (a common sentiment among open source contributors)

IX. Open Source and the Commons

• “Open source is a digital commons, a shared resource that is managed and governed by the community for the benefit of all.” – Charlotte Hess and Elinor Ostrom, Understanding Knowledge as a Commons (2007)
• “The open source movement is a prime example of how commons-based peer production can create high-quality goods and services without relying on traditional market mechanisms.” – Yochai Benkler, The Wealth of Networks (2006)
• “Open source licenses, such as the GPL, are designed to protect the commons by ensuring that the software remains free and accessible to everyone.” – Eben Moglen, Free Software Foundation (various sources)
• “The success of open source demonstrates that collaboration and sharing can be more effective than competition and proprietary control in certain contexts.” – Various Authors, writings on the tragedy of the anticommons
• “Open source is a model for building a more sustainable and equitable future, based on the principles of shared ownership and collective stewardship of resources.” – Various Authors, writings on the digital commons
• “The internet itself is a global commons, and open source is essential to keeping it open, interoperable, and accessible to all.” – Various Authors, Internet Society mission statement
• “Open source is a powerful tool for building community, both online and offline.” – Jono Bacon, The Art of Community (2009)
• “The open source community is a global network of individuals and organizations who share a common set of values and a commitment to working together for the common good.” – Various Authors, Linux Foundation mission statement
• “Open source is more than just a development model, it’s a social movement that is transforming the way we create, share, and use knowledge.” – Various Authors, writings on the open source movement
• “The future of the commons is open, and open source is leading the way.” – Various Authors, writings on the future of the commons

X. Digital Sovereignty, Geopolitics, and Power

• “Digital sovereignty is about ensuring that nations have the ability to make independent decisions about their digital futures, free from undue influence or coercion.” – Various Authors, Chatham House report on digital sovereignty
• “The concentration of power in the hands of a few large technology companies poses a threat to digital sovereignty and democracy.” – Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism (2019)
• “Open source can be a tool for resisting digital colonialism and promoting a more multipolar world order.” – Various Authors, writings on digital sovereignty in the Global South
• “Digital sovereignty is not about autarky or isolationism, it’s about strategic autonomy and the ability to cooperate on one’s own terms.” – Various Authors, European Commission communication on digital sovereignty
• “The struggle for digital sovereignty is a struggle for self-determination in the digital age.” – Various Authors, Declaration on Digital Rights and Principles for the European Union
• “Data is the new oil, and digital sovereignty is about controlling one’s own data resources.” – Various Authors, (a common analogy in discussions of digital sovereignty)
• “Digital sovereignty requires not only technical capacity but also regulatory frameworks and international cooperation.” – Various Authors, OECD report on digital sovereignty
• “The lack of digital sovereignty can lead to economic dependence, security vulnerabilities, and erosion of democratic values.” – Various Authors, writings on the risks of digital dependence
• “Digital sovereignty is a journey, not a destination. It requires ongoing effort and adaptation to the ever-changing technological landscape.” – Various Authors, (a common sentiment in discussions of digital sovereignty)
• “The future of digital sovereignty will be shaped by the choices we make today.” – Various Authors, (a call to action for policymakers, businesses, and citizens)
• “Open source is crucial to rebalancing global power in the technology space.” – Evgeny Morozov

Mote quotes, specifically from Linus Torvalds

II. On Open Source Development and Collaboration

• “Talk is cheap. Show me the code.”
• “Bad programmers worry about the code. Good programmers worry about data structures and their relationships.”
• “Don’t hurry your code. Make sure it works well and is well designed. Don’t worry about timing.”
• “Avoiding complexity reduces bugs.”
• “If you think your users are idiots, only idiots will use it.”
• “Nobody actually creates perfect code the first time around, except me. But there’s only one of me.” (Also fits under Humor, Personality, and Provocations)
• “Excusing bad programming is a shooting offence, no matter what the circumstances.”
• “An individual developer like me cares about writing the new code and making it as interesting and efficient as possible. But very few people want to do the testing.”
• “Theory and practice sometimes clash. And when that happens, theory loses. Every single time.”
• “Intelligence is the ability to avoid doing work, yet getting the work done.”
• “Developers have the attention spans of slightly moronic woodland creatures.”
• “In open source, we feel strongly that to really do something well, you have to get a lot of people involved.”
• “The thing with Linux is that the developers themselves are actually customers too: that has always been an important part of Linux.”
• “Most good programmers do programming not because they expect to get paid or get adulation by the public, but because it is fun to program.” (Also fits under I. On the Philosophy and Spirit of Open Source)
• “People who are doing things for fun do things the right way by themselves.” (Also fits under I. On the Philosophy and Spirit of Open Source)
• “There are lots of Linux users who don’t care how the kernel works, but only want to use it. That is a tribute to how good Linux is.”

III. On the Business and Economics of Open Source

• “You won’t get sued for anticompetitive behavior.” (Sarcastic, but highlights a difference between open source and proprietary business models)
• “In my opinion MS is a lot better at making money than it is at making good operating systems.” (Also fits under Humor, Personality, and Provocations)

IV. On Digital Sovereignty and Open Source

• “In real open source, you have the right to control your own destiny.”

V. On the Future and Impact of Open Source

• “I think, fundamentally, open source does tend to be more stable software. It’s the right way to do things.”

VI. Open Source and Security

• “Backups are for wimps. Real men upload their data to an FTP site and have everyone else mirror it.” (Humorous, but also relates to the distributed nature of open source development and data redundancy)

Humor, Personality, and Provocations

• “A computer is like air conditioning – it becomes useless when you open Windows.”
• “All operating systems sucks, but Linux just sucks less.”
• “Those that can, do. Those that can’t, complain.”
• “I have an ego the size of a small planet.”
• “I like offending people, because I think people who get offended should be offended.”
• “My name is Linus, and I am your God.”
• “An infinite number of monkeys typing into GNU emacs would never make a good program.”
• “I started Linux as a desktop operating system. And it’s the only area where Linux hasn’t completely taken over. That just annoys the hell out of me.”
• “I don’t think I’m unusual in preferring my laptop to be thin and light.”
• “I’m interested in Linux because of the technology, and Linux wasn’t started as any kind of rebellion against the ‘evil Microsoft empire.’“
• “I think of myself as an engineer, not as a visionary or ‘big thinker.’ I don’t have any lofty goals.”
• “Every time I see some piece of medical research saying that caffeine is good for you, I high-five myself. Because I’m going to live forever.”
• “I want my office to be quiet. The loudest thing in the room – by far – should be the occasional purring of the cat.”
• “Non-technical questions sometimes don’t have an answer at all.”
• “I very seldom worry about other systems. I concentrate pretty fully on just making Linux the best I can.”

Other - Could be used for a new category “On Being a Hacker/Programmer”

• “In personal conversations with technical people, I call myself a hacker. But when I’m talking to journalists I just say ‘programmer’ or something like that.”

Page last modified: 2025-01-05 16:46:14